LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

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Manual  of 
Corn  Judging 


By 

ARCHIBALD  DIXON  SHAMEI 


fcbilunt 


OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY 

OF 


NEW  YORK 

ORANGE  JUDD  COMPANY 

52    LAFAYETTE   PLACE 
1910 


Copyright  1903 
by 

I>BAKGE  JUDD  COMPAJ  W 


PRINTED   IN    U.    S.    A. 


Dedication 

To  the  Illinois  Corn  Growers'  and  Seed  Corn  Breeders' 
Associations,  representing,  as  they  do,  the  first  organized 
attempts  to  extend  the  production  and  improve  the  quality 
of  the  greatest  of  cereals,  this  little  Manual  is  respectfully 

dedicated. 

THE  AUTHOR. 


202278 


Preface 


The  preparation  of  the  first  edition  of  this  -Manual  of 
Corn  Judging  was  prompted  by  the  need  of  such  an  out- 
line in  my  class  room.  During  the  following  winter  it 
was  found  to  be  useful  in  the  work  of  the  various  schools 
of  corn  judging,  farmers'  institutes,  fairs  and  like  places, 
where  corn  was  studied.  The  entire  edition  was  quickly 
exhausted,  and  in  response  to  a  continued  call  for  addi- 
tional copies  I  have  made  arrangements  to  issue  this  edi- 
tion. In  view  of  the  constant  improvements  in  the 
methods  of  judging  samples,  I  have  taken  the  opportunity 
to  make  a  few  changes  and  additions  to  the  matter  pre- 
sented in  the  first  issue. 

I  beg  leave  to  express  my  sincere  thanks  for  aid  in  the 
preparation  of  this  work,  to  Mr.  C.  A.  Shamel  and  others 
who  have  kindly  assisted  me  in  the  arrangement  of  the 
material  in  the  Manual. 

It  will  probably  be  necessary  to  issue  editions  every  year 
or  so,  in  order  to  keep  abreast  of  discoveries  and  the  re- 
sults of  investigations  in  corn.  In  this  way  it  will  be  pos- 
sible to  present  the  very  best  information  to  the  corn 
students. 

A.  D.  SHAMEL. 

U.  8.  DepL  Agriculture, 

Washington,  D.  C.,  Aug.  26,  1903. 


Table  of  Contents 


PAGE 

PREFACE   7 

How  TO  HANDLE  SAMPLES 11 

OUTLINE  FOR  PREMIUM  LIST 19 

EULES  GOVERNING  EXHIBITS 23 

STANDARDS  OF  PERFECTION 25 

VARIETY  MEASUREMENTS 26 

IOWA  SCORE  CARD  AND  RULES  FOR  JUDGING 27 

INDIANA  SCORE  CARD  AND  RULES  FOR  JUDGING 31 

NEBRASKA  SCORE  CARD  AND  RULES  FOR  JUDGING 33 

KANSAS  SCORE  CARD  AND  RULES  FOR  JUDGING 35 

ILLINOIS  SCORE  CARD  AND  RULES  FOR  JUDGING 37 

STUDY  OF  CHARACTERISTICS 39 

THE  WORK  OF  SCORING 47 

TESTING  THE  VITALITY  OF  SEED  CORN 55 

STORING  SEED  CORN 67 

ARRANGEMENT  OF  SCORE  RECORD 69 

ARRANGEMENT  FOR  INDIVIDUAL  SAMPLE .' 71 

ARRANGEMENT  FOR  GENERAL  SAMPLE  « 72 


Corn  Judging 


The  object  of  corn  judging  is  to  compare  samples  of 
corn  by  a  uniform  standard  in  order  to  determine  the  best 
sample  for  seed,  and  by  best  seed  corn  is  meant  that  which 
will  yield  the  most  corn  of  the  highest  quality  either  for 
feeding  or  for  market,  and  is  consequently  the  most  profit- 
able to  grow.  The  method  consists  in  comparing  the 
samples  of  corn  with  the  standard  scale  of  points  which  is 
supposed  to  contain  all  of  the  qualifications  of  the  best  seed 
corn,  viz : 

First,  those  points  that  insure  high  quality  for  consump- 
tion, such  as  soundness,  maturity,  etc. 

Second,  such  as  insure  good  yield,  as  size,  uniformity, 
shape  of  ears,  shape  of  kernels,  well  filled  butts  and  tips, 
per  cent  of  corn,  etc. 

Third,  such  as  insure  a  perfect  stand,  as  the  per  cent 
and  vigor  of  germination. 

Fourth,  if  the  sample  be  a  pure  bred  variety,  such  as 
trueness  to  color  and  type  and  the  characteristics  of  that 
variety. 

Fifth,  the  value  of  the  sample  for  feeding  or  manufac- 
turing purposes,  such  as  the  comparative  per  cent  of  oil, 
protein  and  starch  in  its  composition. 

These  standards  have  been  arranged  and  developed  by 
experienced  growers  and  corn  experts,  so  that  a  sample 
which  best  fills  their  conditions  has  been  found  to  be  the 
best  yielding,  has  the  highest  degree  of  vitality  and  is  the 
most  profitable  corn  to  grow.  The  standards  for  the 
different  races  of  dent  corn  have  not  been  developed  and 
perfected  so  that  a  standard  for  each  race  can  be  pre- 


MANUAL  op 


CORN    JUDGING  13 

sented  in  this  manual.  There  is  little  doubt,  however, 
that  the  next  step  in  advance  in  corn  judging  will  be 
the  production  of  a  separate  standard  for  each  race. 

From  the  fact  that  corn  is  affected  by  and  responds  to 
climatic  conditions,  so  that  there  is  a  difference  in  some 
of  the  characteristics  of  a  race  grown  in  one  state  com- 
pared with  samples  produced  in  another  state,  it  has  been 
found  advisable  to  adopt  score  cards  for  each  state, 
modified  to  take  into  account  the  differences  which  arise 
from  growing  the  races  under  different  climatic  and 
soil  conditions.  These  general  score  cards  used  in  judg- 
ing exhibits  of  corn  in  the  different  states  are  presented 
in  the  following  pages,  but  the  general  considerations 
which  must  be  taken  into  account  in  judging  samples  of 
corn  in  any  state  are  the  same.  In  other  words,  the 
principles  of  judging  apply  to  all  conditions  and  must 
be  thoroughly  understood  in  order  to  judge  corn  success- 
fully. 

On  the  judging  table  it  is  absolutely  necessary  to  keep 
this  fact  in  mind,  viz :  that  the  judge  is  not  only  to  com- 
pare one  sample  with  another,  but  each  with  the  standard 
separately  and  independently,  in  order  that  its  individual 
proper  ranking  may  be  determined.  It  is  a  good  plan 
to  keep  the  scores  of  all  of  the  different  samples  in  any 
one  exhibit,  laid  out  side  by  side,  so  that  at  any  time  a 
comparison  of  scores  may  be  easily  made.  It  is  advisable 
in  scoring  any  point  in  a  sample  to  have  the  samples 
previously  judged  so  arranged  that  by  a  glance  the  mark- 
ing given  to  that  point  in  the  samples  already  judged 
can  be  seen  and  taken  into  consideration  in  determining 
the  score  of  the  sample  in  hand  on  that  point. 

The  score  cards  and  standards  of  perfection  are  useful 
as  guides  to  the  careful  study  of  the  characteristics 
of  a  sample  of  corn,  consequently  to  the  sample  as  a 
whole.  However,  if  the  score  cards  are  used  in  an 
absolute  mathematical  sense,  certain  points  which  cannot 


14: 


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CORN    JUDGING  15 

be  taken  into  account  in  the  preparation  of  a  score  card 
interfere  with  the  results  and  frequently  cause  a  wrong 
decision,  e.  g.,  with  the  uniformity  of  exhibit.  In  other 
words,  there  are  no  absolute  rules  which  can  be  laid 
down  by  which  samples  of  corn  can  be  properly  judged. 
The  judgment  of  the  person  who  is  comparing  the  sam- 
ples must  enter  into  the  score,  and  his  experience  guide 
him  in  marking  each  point  in  the  score  card. 

In  exhibits  of  corn  ten  ears  usually  constitute  a 
sample.  This  number  makes  it  possible  to  get  a  fair 
idea  of  the  general  uniformity  of  the  race,  and  at  the 
same  time  it  offers  a  convenient  number  for  the  neces- 
sary calculations  in  the  scoring  of  the  samples.  How- 
ever, the  number  of  ears  is  a  matter  which  must  be 
decided  by  the  judges,  and  will  necessarily  vary  under 
certain  conditions.  Other  things  being  equal,  a  large 
number  of  ears  is  better  than  a  small  number.  Of  course 
exceptions  must  be  made  for  exhibits  of  best  individual 
ears  and  other  cases,  in  which  event  the  sample  is  scored 
in  the  same  manner  as  an  exhibit  of  ten  ears,  and  the 
total  score  multiplied  by  ten  in  order  to  have  all  the 
scores  on  a  uniform  basis.  Where  one  hundred  ears,  more 
or  less,  are  presented  as  a  sample,  it  will  be  found  to  be 
most  convenient  to  take  out  ten  ears,  say  every  tenth 
ear,  and  judge  this  sample  for  all  of  the  points  except 
uniformity  and  other  general  characteristics  where  the 
entire  sample  may  be  taken  into  consideration. 

In  selecting  corn  for  an  exhibit  great  care  should 
be  taken  that  the  individual  ears  are  not  injured  in 
any  way.  By  carelessly  dropping  an  ear  part  of  the 
kernels  may  be  shelled  off  or  mutilated.  This  will  inter- 
fere in  determining  the  per  cent  of  corn  in  the  ear,  and 
leave  doubt  as  to  the  purity  of  the  color  of  the  grains. 
The  judge  may  take  into  account  the  actual  condition 
of  the  sample,  so  that  every  missing  grain  or  injury 
will  reduce  the  total  score.  During  the  process  of  judging 


16 


MANUAL    OP 


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CORN   JUDGING  17 

the  ears  should  be  handled  as  little  as  possible  consistent 
with  a  careful  examination  of  all  points.  The  ears 
should  always  be  laid  down  in  the  same  order  as  taken 
up,  and  in  such  manner  that  the  ears  will  not  be  injured 
in  any  way.  In  no  case  is  it  necessary  to  twist  or  break 
the  ears,  in  this  way  injuring  them  for  future  examina- 
tion. All  of  these  points  are  matters  of  training  and 
experience,  and  all  judges  should  be  required  to  show 
evidence  of  a  course  of  training  in  this  work  which 
fits  them  for  their  duties. 

In  judging  corn  it  is  necessary  to  expedite  matters 
as  much  as  possible.  All  unnecessary  moves  must  be' 
left  out.  The  eye  must  be  trained  to  accurately  judge 
any  one  point  at  first  examination.  Ten  minutes  is 
long  enough  to  judge  all  points  in  a  sample,  except 
shelling  representative  ears  to  determine  the  per  cent 
of  corn  on  the  ear.  In  order  to  make  a  close  and  accurate 
comparative  study,  it  is  advisable  to  lay  all  of  the  samples 
in  any  one  class  side  by  side  on  some  convenient  table. 
This  table  should  be  of  convenient  hight  for  working 
easily  and  without  strain.  The  light  should  fall  evenly 
over  the  entire  exhibit,  and  it  is  absolutely  necessary 
to  have  a  strong  light.  Much  of  the  difference  in  color 
of  kernels  can  only  be  detected  by  the  closest  observation 
in  the  best  possible  light.  In  all  cases  a  good  light 
must  fall  on  the  tips  of  the  ears,  and  the  judging  table 
should  be  arranged  so  that  one  can  easily  and  quickly 
examine  the  tips  and  butts  of  ears  by  bending  over 
the  table. 

CLASSIFICATION 

The  samples  of  corn  in  exhibits  are  usually  entered 
tinder  some  general  system  of  classification.  This  method 
has  been  necessary  from  the  fact  that  distinct  races 
have  not  been  recognized  by  growers  or  breeders.  In 
other  words,  there  has  been  no  uniform  basis  for  a  classi- 


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CORN    JUDGING  19 

fication  of  the  samples.  With  the  advent  of  the  state 
corn  breeders'  and  growers'  associations  the  matter  of 
pure  bred  races  of  corn  has  been  emphasized,  and  it  has 
become  possible  to  distinguish  between  the  different  races 
represented  in  the  general  exhibits  of  corn.  For  instance, 
the  Illinois  Seed  Corn  Breeders'  association  recognizes 
seven  distinct  races,  viz:  (White)  Boone  County  White, 
Silvermine,  White  Superior,  and  (Yellow)  Learning, 
Reid's  Yellow  Dent,  Riley's  Favorite  and  Golden  Eagle. 
Other  races  are  being  developed  in  this  state  by  the 
corn  breeders,  and  other  states  naturally  possess  different 
races  than  those  grown  in  Illinois.  In  order  to  stimulate 
this  practice  of  growing  standard  races,  it  is  advisable 
to  arrange  the  premium  list  with  that  end  in  view.  It 
should  be  the  duty  of  every  officer  having  in  charge 
exhibits  of  corn  to  become  familiar  with  the  work  of 
the  corn  breeders'  and  corn  growers'  associations  of  his 
state  and  arrange  his  premium  list  on  the  basis  recom- 
mended by  these  organizations.  Necessarily  the  premium 
lists  will  vary  with  different  sections  of  any  state,  and 
particularly  as  between  different  states,  but  the  prin- 
ciple underlying  their  arrangement  holds  true  under  all 
conditions.  In  every  case  the  object  of  corn  exhibits  is 
to  benefit  the  interests  of  corn,  therefore  the  premium 
lists  should  be  carefully  arranged  so  that  the  final  result 
of  this  work  will  be  a  permanent  benefit  to  the  corn 
growing  interests. 

OUTLINE  FOR  PREMIUM  LIST 

The  greatest  cause  of  confusion  in  the  development 
of  pure  bred  races  of  corn  arises  from  differences  in 
ideas  as  to  the  characteristics  of  any  race  among  breed- 
ers and  growers.  A  comparison  of  typical  samples  of 
the  different  races  of  corn  in  exhibits  is  probably  one 
of  the  most  effective  means  of  disseminating  information 
in  regard  to  the  characteristics  of  any  race.  This  is 


MANUAL    OF 


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CORN    JUDGING  21 

particularly  true  if  the  exhibit  is  so  arranged  that  a 
comparison  of  samples  belonging  to  different  races  can 
be  easily  made.  It  follows,  therefore,  that  the  outline 
of  the  premium  list  should  be  such  as  to  assist  in  bringing 
the  samples  together  in  such  manner  that  will  permit  of 
study  by  growers  and  visitors  who  inspect  the  exhibit. 
In  order  to  assist  the  officers  of  shows,  fairs  and  other 
places  where  corn  is  exhibited,  the  following  brief  outline 
for  a  premium  list  is  given : 

CLASS   A 

Prizes  for  best  samples  of  10  ears  of  standard  varieties 
of  white  corn.     1st  premium,  C5.00;  2nd,  $3.00;  3rd,  $1.03. 
Lot  1.    Boone  County  White. 
Lot  2.     Silvermine. 
Lot  3.     White  Superior. 
Lot  4.     Other  Varieties. 

CLASS   B 

Prizes  for  best  samples  of  10  ears  of  standard  varieties 
of  yellow  corn.     1st  premium,  $5.00;  2nd,  $3.00;  3rd,  $1.03. 

Lot  1.  Learning. 

Lot  2.  Keid's  Yellow  Dent. 

Lot  3.  Golden  Eagle. 

Lot  4.  Kiley's  Favorite. 

Lot  5.  Other  Varieties. 

CLASS    C 

Prizes  for  best  samples  of  10  ears  of  mixed  varieties. 
1st  premium,  $5.00 ;  2nd,  $3.00 ;  3rd,  $1.00. 
Lot  1.     Early. 
Lot  2.    Medium. 
Lot  3.    Late. 


22  MANUAL    OP 

CLASS  D 

Prizes  for  best  bushels  of  corn.    1st  premium,  $25.00; 
2nd,  $15.00;  3rd,  $10.00. 

Lot  1.  White. 
Lot  2.  Yellow. 
Lot  3.  Mixed. 

CLASS   E 

Prizes  for  best   ears   of   corn.     1st  premium,   $1.00; 
2nd,  $.50;  3rd,  $.25. 

Lot  1.  Boone  County  White. 

Lot  2.  Silvermine. 

Lot  3.  White  Superior. 

Lot  4.  Learning. 

Lot  5.  Keid's  Yellow  Dent 

Lot  6.  Kiley's  Favorite. 

Lot  7.  Golden  Eagle. 

Lot  8.  Other  Varieties. 

CLASS   P 

Prizes  for  best  samples  of  10  ears  of  varieties  of  sweet 
corn. 

CLASS   G 

Prizes  for  best  samples  of  10  ears  of  varieties  of  pop 
corn. 

CLASS  II 

Prizes  for  best  samples  of  10  ears  of  any  varieties  of 
dent  corn. 


CORN    JUDGING  23 

CLASS  I.    SPECIAL  PREMIUMS 

Under  this  head,  and  further  classes,  special  premiums 
for  particular  purposes  may  be  offered. 

RULES   GOVERNING  EXHIBITS 

1.  Only  one  entry  can  be  made  by  an  exhibitor  in  any 
class. 

2.  An   exhibitor   is   barred   from   exhibiting   in  more 
than  three  classes. 

3.  The  samples  of  corn  must  have  been  grown  by  the 
exhibitor  during  the  summer  immediately  preceding  the 
exhibition. 

4.  The  samples  must  not  be  treated  unfairly  by  taking 
out   poor   and  mixed   or   otherwise   injured   kernels    and 
replacing  them  by  good  ones,  but  grooming  of  the  ears  in 
such  manner   as   to   allow   of   the   best  possible   natural 
presentation    is   strongly  recommended.     Any  unfair  or 
"tricky"  occurrences  bar  the  exhibitor  from  all  entries 
and  all  privileges  of  the  exhibition. 

5.  Corn  for  exhibition  must  be  delivered  to  the  ex- 
hibit  committee   three   days  before   the   opening   of  the 
exhibition,    carefully    labeled    with    the    name    of    the 
exhibitor,  date,   address,  lot  and  class  under  which  the 
sample  is  to  be  exhibited.     This  label  should  be  pasted 
conspicuously  on  the  outside  of  the  package  in  which  the 
sample  is  sent  and  tied  on  at  least  one  of  the  ears  of  the 
sample. 

6.  The  exhibits  are  all  subject  to  all  necessary  handling 
by  the  judges,  but  remain  the  property  of  the  exhibitor 
and  may  be  secured  by  him  immediately  after  the  exhibit 
is  closed  and  awards  made. 

7.  No  professional  corn  breeder,  seed  dealer  or  expert 
judge  will  be  allowed  to  exhibit,  except  in  classes  specially 
arranged  for  them. 


MANUAL    OP 


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CORN    JUDGING  25 

8.  Exhibits  must  be  sent  with,  all  charges  prepaid. 

9.  Competition  open  to  state  in  all  classes. 

10.  Lot  1,  class  A,  and  lot  1,  class  B,  and  class  I  open 
to  competition  of  the  world. 

11.  All  exhibits   are  to  be   judged  by  expert   judges 
holding  certificates  as  such,  and  according  to  the  score 
cards  and  standards  of  perfection  adopted  by  the   State 
Corn  Growers  association. 

The  above  outline  for  premium  lists  and  rules  govern- 
ing exhibits  are  simply  suggestions  embodying  the  prin- 
ciples underlying  successful  exhibitions  of  corn.  It  will 
be  found  necessary  in  every  case  to  adapt  the  premium 
lists  and  rules  to  local  conditions  and  circumstances. 

STANDARDS  OF  PERFECTION 

By  standards  of  perfection  is  meant  the  types  which 
breeders  and  growers  recognize  as  the  best  and  most  desir- 
able, and  to  which  every  effort  is  directed  in  bringing  up 
the  individuals  of  the  races.  Standards  must  be  devel- 
oped in  the  case  of  new  races,  and  old  standards  changed 
during  the  process  of  the  improvement  of  the  established 
races.  In  order  to  aid  in  the  development  of  these  stand- 
ards, the  following  table  of  standards  of  perfection  ^f or 
the  established  races  is  presented : 


£6 


MANUAL    OP 


NAME  OF  VARIETY 

Reid's 
Yellow 
Dent 

Golden 
Eagle 

Riley's 
Favor- 
ite 

Learn- 
ing 

Boone 
County 
White 

Silver- 
mine 

White 
Superior 

EAR— 
Shape  .  . 

Length  . 
Circum- 
ference 

slowly 
tapering 

slowly 
tapering 

slowly 
tapering 

tapering 

cylin- 
drical 

cylin- 
drical 

slowly 
tapering 

10  in. 

9  in. 

9  in. 

loin. 

loin. 

9  in. 

10  in. 

Tin. 

Tin. 

Tin. 

Tin. 

T.5  in. 

Tin. 

Tin. 

KERNEL— 
Condition 

Color.  .  . 

Indenta- 
tion .  .  . 

Shape  .  . 

firm 
upright 

loose 
upright 

tirm 
upright 

firm 
upright 

firm 
upright 

firm 
upright 

firm 
upright 

light 
yellow 

deep 
yellow 

deep 
yellow 

deep 
yellow 

pearl 
white 

cream 
white 

starch 
white 

medium 
smooth 

very 
rough 

rough 

rough 

rough 

very 
rough 

medium 
rough 

long 
wedge 

broad 
wedge 

medium 
wedge 

medium 
wedge 

medium 
wedge 

broad 
wedge 

very 
broad 
wedge 

Rows- 
Number  . 

Space  .  . 
Arrange- 
ment .  . 

18-24 

16-20 

16-20 
medium 

16-24 

16-22 

16-20 

18-20 

narrow 

medium 

medium 

medium 

narrow 

medium 

pairs 

distinct 

pairs 

pairs 

pairs 

pairs 

pairs 

BUTT— 
Filling 
out  ... 

deeply 
rounded 
com- 
pressed 

moder- 

fttel7  . 
rounded 

com- 
pressed 

moder- 

ate!7^ 
rounded 
com- 
pressed 

moder- 
ately 
rounded 
com- 
pressed 
exp'nd'd 

moder- 
atelv 
rounded 
com- 
pressed 

moder- 
ately 
rounded 

shallow 
rounded 
de- 
pressed 

Tip- 
Filling 
out  .  .  . 

regular 
rows  of 
kernels 

regular 
rows  of 
kernels 

regular 
rows  of 
kernels 

irregular 
rows  of 
kernels 

regular 
rows  of 
kernels 

regular 
rows  of 
kernels 

regular 
rows  of 
kernels 

SHANK— 
Size  .  .  . 

small 

small 

small 

medium 

medium 

small 

medium 

COB— 
Size  .  .  . 

Color.  .  . 

medium 

small 

small 

medium 

medium 

small 

medium 

deep  red 

deep  red 

deep  red 

deep  red 

white 

white 

white 

PER  CENT 
OF  CORN 

88 

90 

90 

88 

86 

90 

88 

SCORE   CARDS 

In  view  of  the  fact  that  the  different  states  have 
adopted  and  use  different  score  cards,  owing  to  well 
recognized  differences  in  soil,  climate  and  other  condi- 
tions of  production,  it  will  be  necessary  to  present  the 
score  cards  adopted  by  each  state  separately. 


CORN  JUDGING  27 

IOWA  SCORE  CARD  AND  RULES  FOR  JUDGING 


POINTS 


1  Trueness  to  type  or 
breed  characteris- 
tics   


PERFECT 
SCORE 


EXPLANATION 


Shape  of  ears. 


Color— 
a  Grain 
&  Cob  ... 


4    Market   condition.... 


5    Tips 


6    Butts 


Kernels^ 

a>  Uniformity 

&  Shape  


8    Length  of  ears. 


Circumference 
ears   


of 


10  Space— 

a  Purro  w  s  be- 
tween rows 

6  Space  between 
kernels  at  cob.. 

11  Proportion    of    grain 

to  cob 


The  ten  ears  of  the  sample 
should  possess  similar  or  like 

10  characteristics  and  should  be 
true  to  the  variety  which  they 
represent. 

10          The   shape  of  the   ear  should 
conform  to  variety  type,  taper- 
ing   slightly    from    butt    to    tip, 
but  approaching  the  cylindrical. 
Color  of  grain  should  be  true 

5       to  variety   and   free  from  mix- 

5       ture.     White   corn   should   have 

white  cobs,  yellow  corn  red  cobs. 

10          The  ears  should  be  sound,  firm, 

well     matured    and    free    from 

mold,  rot  or  insect  injuries. 

5  The  tips  of  the  ears  should  not 
be  too  tapering  and  should  be 
well  filled  with  regular,  uniform 
kernels. 

5  The  rows  of  kernels  should 
extend  in  regular  order  over  the 
butt,  leaving  a  deep  impression 
when  the  shank  is  removed. 
Open  and  swelled  butts  are  ob- 
jectionable. 

The  kernels  should  be  uniform 
10       in    shape,    size    and    color,    and 

5  true   to   the   variety   type.     The 
kernels  should  be  so  shaped  that 
their   edges    touch    from    tip   to 
crown.     The   tip  portion  of  the 
kernel  is  the  richest  in  protein 
and  oil,  and  hence  of  the  high- 
est feeding  value.    For  this  rea- 
son  the    tip    portion   should    be 
full  and  plump. 

Northern  section  8%  to  Wz 
inches,  central  section  8%  to  9% 
inches,  southern  section  9  to  10 
inches.  Long  ears  are  objection- 
able because  they  usually  have 
poor  butts  and  tips,  broad,  shal- 
low kernels,  and  hence  a  low 
percentage  of  corn  to  cob. 

Northern     section     6%     to     7 

6  inches,  central  section  6%  to  7% 
inches,  southern  section  7  to  7% 
inches. 

The  furrow  between  the  rows 

of     kernels     should     be     sm*ll. 

5       Space  between  kernels  near  the 

cob  is  very  objectionable. 
5 

The  proportion  of  corn  to  cob 
10       is  determined  by  weight,  depth 
of  kernels,  size  of  cob  and  ma- 
turity all  affect  the  proportion. 


MANUAL    OP 


g 

s 


02 


g 

§ 


CORN    JUDGING  29 

KULES 

1.  Length  of  Ear — The  deficiency  and  excess  in  length 
of  all  ears  not  conforming  to  the  standard  shall  be  added 
together,  and  for  every  inch  thus  obtained  a  cut  of  one 
point  shall  be  made. 

2.  Circumference   of  Ear — The  deficiency  and  excess 
in  circumference  of  all  ears  not  conforming  to  the  stand- 
ard  shall   be   added  together,   and  for  every  two   inches 
thus  obtained  a  cut  of  one  point  shall  be  made.     Measure 
the  circumference  at  one-third  the  distance  from  the  butt 
to  the  tip  of  the  ear. 

3.  Proportion  of  Corn  to  Cob — Per  cent  of  corn  should 
be  from  86  to  87.    In  determining  the  proportion  of  corn 
to  cob,  weigh  and  shell  every  alternate  ear  in  the  exhibit. 
Weigh  the  cobs  and  subtract  from  weight  of  ears,  giving 
weight  of  corn.    Divide  the  weight  of  corn  by  total  weight 
of  ears,  which  will  give  the  per  cent  of  corn.     For  each 
per  cent  short  of  standard  one  and  one-half  points  shall 
be  macle. 

4.  In  judging  corn,  a  red  cob  in  white  corn,  or  a  white 
cob  in  yellow  corn  shall  be  cut  at  least  two  points.     For 
one  or  two  mixed  kernels  a  cut  of  one-fourth  point,  for 
four  or  more  mixed  kernels  a  cut  of  one-half  point,  shall 
be  made.    Kernels  missing  from  the  ear  shall  be  counted 
as  mixed.     Difference  in  shade  or  color,  as  light  or  dark 
red,  white  or  cream  color,  must  be  scored  according  to 
variety  characteristics. 

5.  Scoring  Tips — Where  the  full  diameter  of  the  cob 
is  exposed  a  cut  of  one  point  shall  be  made  and  a  pro- 
portionate cut  as  the  cob  is  less  exposed.     Regularity  of 
the   rows  near  the  tip   and  the   shape  and   size  of  the 
kernels  must  also  be  considered  in  scoring  tips. 

6.  Scoring  Butts — If  the  kernels  are  uniform  in  size 
and  extend  over  the  butt  in  regular  order  give  full  mark- 
ing.   Small  and  compressed  or  enlarged  or  open  butts  are 


30 


MANUAL    OF 


s 

b 

o 

S 
o 


S 


o 
p 
o 


I 

O 


CORN    JUDGING  31 

objectionable,  as  are  also  those  with  flat,  smooth,  short 
kernels,  and  must  be  cut  according  to  the  judgment  of 
the  scorer. 

7.     Each  exhibit  should  consist  of  ten  ears  of  corn. 

INDIANA  SCORE  CARD 

POINTS 

1  Uniformity  of  exhibit  ......  10 

2  Shape  of  ears  ................    5 

3  Color  of  ears  ................  10 

4  Market  condition  ............    5 

5  Tips  of  ears  .................  10 

6  Butts  of  ears  ................    5 

7  Uniformity  of  kernels  .....    5 

8  Shape  of  kernels  .............  5 

9  Length  of  ears  ..............  10 

10  Circumference  of  ears  .....    5 

11  Space  between  rows  ........  10 

12  Per  cent  of  corn  ............  20 


Total 


A  perfect  ear  of  corn  should  be  from  10  to  12  inches 
long  and  7^2  to  8  inches  in  circumference.  The  ear 
should  yield  88  per  cent  of  grain. 

The  ear  should  taper  but  slightly,  approaching  the 
cylindrical  to  near  the  point.  It  should  be  well  filled 
out  at  both  ends,  with  straight  rows  of  wedge-shaped 
grains. 

Disqualifications:  Red  cobs  in  white  corn;  white  cobs 
in  yellow  corn. 

REASONS 


MANUAL    OF 


NOT  UNIFORM — 333  TOO  SHORT,  334  TOO  LONG,  335  VERY  ROUGH 


CORN  JUDGING 
NEBRASKA   SCORE   CARD 


POINTS 

1    Uniformity  . 


PERFECT 
SCORE 


EXPLANATION 


2    Trueness  to  type. 


3  Shape 

4  Color  . 


5    Market   condition. 


6    Tips 


7    Butts 


8    Kernel  uniformity... 


9    Kernel   shape.. 
10    Length  of  ear. 


11    Circumference  of  ear. 


10 


10 


10 


10 


Each  exhibit  should  consist  of 
10  ears.  All  of  the  ears  in  an 
exhibit  should  be  uniform  in 
size,  shape,  color  and  indenta- 
tion. Cut  each  off  ear  .5  point. 

All  the  ears  in  the  exhibit 
should  be  true  to  the  type  and 
variety  which  they  represent. 
Cut  each  off  ear  1  point. 

The  shape  of  the  ear  should 
conform  to  the  variety  of  tho 
type.  Cut  each  off  ear  .5  point. 

The  color  of  grain  should  be 
true  to  variety  and  free  from 
mixture.  White  corn  should 
have  white  cobs  and  yellow  corn 
red  cobs.  For  one  mixed  kernel 
on  an  ear  cut  .25  point;  for  two 
or  three,  cut  .5  point;  for  four 
or  five,  cut  .75  point;  for  more 
than  five,  cut  1  point. 

The  ears  should  be  well  ma- 
tured, firm  and  sound.  Cut  .5 
point  for  each  immature  or  un- 
sound ear. 

The  tips  of  the  ears  should 
not  be  too  tapering  and  should 
be  well  filled  with  regular,  uni- 
form kernels.  Cut  1  point  for 
each  tip  exposed  one  inch;  for 
less  exposures  and  irregulari- 
ties, cut  in  proportion. 

The  rows  of  kernels  should  be 
even  and  swell  out  evenly  be- 
yond the  end  of  the  cob.  Cut  .5 
point  for  each  poorly  filled  butt. 
For  other  irregularities,  cut 
from  1  to  3  points. 

The  kernels  should  possess 
like  characteristics  and  be  true 
to  variety  type.  Cut  .5  point  for 
each  off  ear. 

The  kernels  should  be  so 
shaped  that  their  edges  touch 
from  tip  to  crown.  Cut  .5  point 
for  each  poorly  shaped  pair. 

The  length  should  conform  to 
the  standard  for  the  variety. 
Add  together  the  deficiencies 
and  excesses  in  length,  and  for 
each  inch  so  obtained  cut  the 
exhibit  1  point. 

Measure  from  one-third  the 
distance  from  butt  to  tip  and 
for  each  two  inches  of  the  sum 
of  the  deficiencies  and  excesses 
cut  the  exhibit  1  point. 


34 


MANUAL    OF 


SLOPE     OF     EARS — CHARACTERISTICALLY     UNDESIRABLE     SLOPES 


CORN  JUDGING  35 

NEBRASKA   SCORE   CARD — CONTINUED 


PERFECT 
POINTS  SCORE  EXPLANATION 

12  Space  5  The  rows  of  kernels  should  be 

close  together  from  tip  to  crown. 
Cut  .5  point  for  each  ear  hav- 
ing spaces  between  rows  over 
l-16th  of  an  inch;  for  spaces 
over  l-32d  inch,  cut  .25  point. 

13  Proportion  of  corn  to  Determined    by    shelling    and 

cob    20       weighing  half  of  the  ears  in  the 

exhibit.  For  every  per  cent  be- 
low the  standard  for  the  variety, 
cut  2  points. 

REASONS 


KANSAS    SCORE   CARD 


PERFECT 
POINTS  SCORE  EXPLANATION 

1  Uniformity     of     ex-  Uniform     type,     size,     shape, 

hibit  10       color  and  indentation. 

2  Shape  of  ears 5          Cylindrical,  straight  rows,  pro- 

portional   length    to    circumfer- 
ence. 

3  Color  of  ears 10          White  kernels,  white  cob;  yel- 

low kernels,  red  cob. 

4  Market    condition....         5          Soundness,    freedom    from    in- 

jury, maturity. 

5  Tips  of  ears 10          Filled  out  with   regular   sized 

kernels. 

6  Butts  of  ears 5          Kernels      swelled     out     about 

shank  regularly. 

7  Uniformity    of    ker-  Uniform     type,     shape,     color, 

nels  5       etc. 

8  Shape  of  kernels 5          Wedge  shaped,  straight  edges. 

9  Length  of  ears 10          Conformity  to  standard. 

10  Circumference         o  f  Conformity  to  standard. 

ears    5 

11  Space  between  rows.       10          Furrows  between  rows  of  ker- 

nels narrow. 

12  Per  cent  of  corn 20          Conformity  to  standard. 

Total  "lOO 

REASONS 


36 


MANUAL    C. 


UNIFORM    EARS — THE    TYPE,    SLOPE,    COLOR    AND    INDENTATION 
ARE    UNIFORM 


CORN    JUDGING  37 

ILLINOIS   SCORE   CARD 

POINTS 

1  Uniformity— 

a  Trueness  to  type 5 

6  Uniformity      of      ex- 
hibit      5 

2  Shape  of  ear 5 

3  Color  10 

4  Market  condition 10 

5  Tips  10 

6  Butts 5 

7  Kernel  uniformity 5 

8  Kernel  shape 5 

9  Length  10 

10  Circumference  5 

11  Space — 

a  Between  rows 5 

&  Between    kernels     at 
cob 5 

12  Proportion  corn  to  cob 15 

Total  100 

EULES  TO  BE  USED  IN  JUDGING 

1.  The  deficiency  and  excess  in  length  of  all  ears  not 
conforming  to  the  standard  for  the  variety  shall  be  added 
together,  and  for  every  inch  thus  obtained  a  cut  of  one 
point  shall  be  made.    In  determining  the  length,  measure 
from  the  extreme  tip  to  the  extreme  butt.     The  standard 
of  length  for  the  early  maturing  varieties  shall  be  9  to  10 
inches.    For  the  medium  and  late  varieties  10  to  11  inches 
in  length. 

2.  The  deficiency  and  excess  in  circumference  of  all 
ears  not  conforming  to  the  standard  of  variety  shall  be 
added  together,  and  for  every  two  inches  thus  obtained 
a  cut  of  one  point  shall  be  made.     Measure  the  circum- 
ference at  one-third  the  distance  from  the  butt  to  the  tip 
of  the   ear.      The   standard   of   circumference   for   early 
varieties  shall  be  7  to  7.5  inches.     For  medium  and  late 
varieties  7.5  to  8  inches  in  circumference. 

3.  In  determining  the  proportion  of  corn  to  cob,  weigh 
every  alternate  ear  in  the  exhibit.     Shell  and  weigh  the 
cobs  and  subtract  from  weight  of  ears,  giving  the  weight 


MANUAL  OR 


SLOPE  OF  EARS — 101  CYLINDRICAL,  102  PARTLY  CYLINDRICAL, 
103  VERY  TAPERING.   YELLOW  RACE 


CORN   JUDGING  89 

of  corn.  Divide  the  weight  of  corn  by  total  weight  of 
ears,  giving  the  per  cent  of  corn.  For  each  per  cent  short 
of  standard  for  the  variety  a  one  point  cut  shall  be  made. 

4.  In  judging  color,  a  red  cob  in  white  corn,  or  a  white 
cob  in  yellow  corn,  shall  be  cut  ten  points.    For  one  or 
two  mixed  kernels  a  cut  of  one-fourth  point;  for  three  or 
four  mixed  kernels  a  cut  of  one-half  point ;  for  five  mixed 
kernels,  a  three-fourths  point  cut,  or  for  six  or  more  mixed 
kernels,  a  one  point  cut  shall  be  made.    Kernels  missing 
from  the  ear  shall  be  counted  as  mixed.     Difference  in 
shade  of  color,  as  light  or  dark  red,  white  or  cream  color, 
must  be  scored  according  to  variety  characteristics. 

5.  The  furrows  or  angle  between  the  top  of  the  rows 
of  kernels  is  the  space  between  rows.     The  space  betweer 
kernels  on  cob  is  determined  by  shelling  off  part  of  the 
kernels  at  middle  of  ear  and  noting  whether  kernels  are 
pointed,  leaving  spaces   between  kernels,  or  moderately 
wedge-shaped  and  close  fitting. 

STUDY   OF   CHAEACTEKISTICS 

In  order  to  become  accustomed  to  the  points  in  judging 
a  sample  of  corn,  the  following  list  of  characteristics  is 
given  for  the  use  of  the  person  studying  corn.  By  taking 
a  sample  of  twenty-five  ears  of  ordinary  corn  and  studying 
each  ear  carefully,  with  this  list  for  reference,  each  of  the 
points  mentioned  may  be  brought  out  by  example.  This 
study  is  especially  recommended  for  all  persons  wishing  to 
become  familiar  with  the  characteristics  of  corn. 

SHAPE  OF  EAR 

Cylindrical — Uniform  in  circumference  from  butt  to  tip. 
Partly  cylindrical — Uniform  in  circumference  for  a  por- 
tion of  length. 


JIAXUAL    OF 


SLOPE   OF  EARS — 301  CYLINDRICAL,  302   DISTINCTLY  TAPERIXG, 
303  VERY  TAPERING.      WHITE  RACE 


vCORN   JUDGING  41 

Slowly  tapering — Taper  slight,  regular. 

Distinctly  tapering — Taper  very  apparent. 

Very  tapering — Extremely  tapering. 

Too  sliort  for  circumference;  too  long  for  circumfer- 
ence— Proper  proportion  of  circumference  to  length  is 
as  3  to  4,  or  for  medium  varieties  7  inches  to  10  inches.  - 

Circumference  of  ear  at  "butt;  circumference  of  ear  at 
tip — (Measure  two  inches  from  the  ends.) 

Length  of  ear — (Measure  from  extreme  butt  to  tip.) 

Rows  OF  KERNELS 

Rows  in  distinct  pairs — The  spaces  between  alternate 
rows  of  kernels  wider  than  the  others. 

Number  of  rows — Counted  three  inches  from  butt. 

Rows  lost — Disappearing  after  extending  three  inches 
or  more  from  butt. 

Narrow  space  between  rows — Rows  pressed  closely  to- 
gether. 

Medium  space  between  rows — Distinct  furrows. 

Wide  space  between  rows — Wide  furrows. 

Rows  straight — Parallel  with  cob. 

Rows  turned  to  right;  rows  turned  to  left — Rows  angle 
to  right  or  left  of  a  straight  line  from  butt  to  tip. 

BUTT  OF  EAR 

Even — Entire  end  of  cob  exposed,  with  butt  kernels  at 
right  angles  to  axis  of  cob. 

Shallow  rounded — Cavity  at  butt  shallow,  broad. 

Moderately  rounded — Cavity  moderately  deep,  medium 
diameter. 

Deeply  rounded — Cavity  at  butt  deep,  small  diameter. 


MANUAL    OF 


MARKET    CONDITION — 522    SOUND    MATURE    EAR,    523    CHAFFY 
IMMATURE   EAR 


CORN    JUDGING  43 

Compressed— Cob  rounded  at  end. 

Enlarged — Large  butt  with,  no  extra  rows  or  kernels. 

Expanded — Large  butt  caused  by  extra  rows  or  kernels. 

Open — Greater  space  between  rows  at  butt. 

Depressed — Kernels  at  butt  flat,  smooth  and  short,  indi- 
cating a  tight  husk. 

Kernels  diverging — Space  between  summits  of  kernels 
in  same  row. 

TIP  OF  EAR 

Kernels  in  rows — Bows  may  be  traced  to  tip. 
Flat — Cob  flattened  at  tip. 

Filled — Entire  end  of  cob  covered  with  kernels. 
Capped — A  central  kernel  projecting  from  filled  tip. 

KERNEL 

Firm — Bigid  on  cob. 

Loose — "Movable  on  cob. 

Roof-shaped  at  one  edge — Convex  at  one  edge  and  flat 
at  the  other. 

Upright — At  right  angles  with  surface  of  cob. 

Sloping — Leaning  toward  tip. 

Overlapping  at  summit — As  shingles  on  a  roof. 

Straight  wedge-shaped — Edges  of  kernels  straight, 
tapering. 

Bounded  wedge-shaped — Edges  rounded  lengthwise, 
tapering. 

Square  at  top — Corners  not  rounded  at  summit. 

Shoe-peg  form — Long,  narrow  kernel  holding  size  to  tip. 

Rounded  corners — Corners  rounded  at  summit  and  base. 

Rectangular — Short  and  broad,  as  broad  at  base  as  at 
summit. 


44 


MANUAL    OP 


ARRANGEMENT  OF  ROWS — 227  STRAIGHT,  228  TURN  TO  RIGHT, 
229   TURN   TO   LEFT.      WHITE   RACE 


CORN    JUDGING  45 

Beaked — With  long,  sharp,  tapering  projection. 

Slightly  sharp  point  at  summit — Pointed  projection 
from  chit  side  of  kernel. 

Small  sharp  point  at  summit — Pointed  projection  from 
?hit  side  of  kernel. 

Round  smooth  dented — Round  smooth  depression  at 
summit  of  kernel. 

Long  smooth  dented — Long  smooth  depression. 

Crease  dented — Edges  of  kernels  pressed  toward  each 
other,  leaving  small  space  between,  and  edges  parallel. 

Pinch  dented — Edges  of  kernels  pinched  closely  to- 
gether. 

Eough  projection  dented — With  any  rough,  ragged  or 
beaked  projection  from  summit  of  kernel. 

Bridge  dented — Crease  dented  with  fold  across  center. 

Crumple  dented — Seed  coat  wrinkled  as  in  sweet  corn. 

Breadth;  depth;  thickness — (Exact  measure.) 

Color — (Note  shade.) 

SHANK 

Large — Nearly  the  diameter  of  cob. 
Medium — Half  the  diameter  of  cob. 
Small — One-third  the  diameter  of  cob,  or  less. 

COB 

Large — Larger  than  4^  inches  in  circumference. 
Medium — Erom  3^2  to  4%  inches  in  circumference. 
Small — Not  more  than  3V2  inches  in  circumference. 
Color — (Note  shade.) 

In  the  following  matter  the  amount  of  cut  for  each 
point  is  based  upon  the  arrangement  of  the  Indiana  score 
card.  In  the  cases  of  the  other  score  cards  with  different 


MANUAL    OF 


>.  a 


H 


H 

w  a 


O    !7  / 


o  g  o 

e»  "  £ 

S  >  g 

2  02  3 

R  S  § 

W  J5  Q. 


S   g 
S  B 


O 

I 


g  § 


CORN    JUDGING  47 

arrangements,  this  difference  must  be  taken  into  con- 
sideration. As  the  principles  of  scoring  are  the  same 
under  all  conditions,  it  can  be  seen  that  the  amount  of 
cut  on  each  point  can  easily  be  adapted  to  any  score  card. 
In  most  cases  definite  directions  are  given  in  each  score 
card  differing  from  the  Indiana  arrangement  as  to  the 
amount  of  cut  for  each  point. 

THE   WOEK   OF   SCOKING 

Following  is  a  discussion  of  the  points  in  the  score 
card,  each  point  being  taken  up  in  detail. 

UNIFORMITY  OF  SAMPLE 

By  uniformity  is  meant  uniform  ears  having  similar 
size,  shape,  color,  indentation,  breed  characteristics,  etc.; 
in  fact,  all  points  which  go  to  make  up  an  ear  of  corn. 
The  ears  of  the  sample  should  possess  similar  or  like 
characteristics,  but  the  kind  of  shape  or  other  character- 
istics is  not  taken  into  consideration  at  this  time.  The 
most  important  feature  of  this  point  is  breed  character- 
istics; in  other  words,  the  characteristics  which  enter 
into  the  distinguishing  of  one  breed  from  other  varieties 
or  races.  It  is  impossible  to  define  these  characteristics, 
and  experience  with  the  different  standard  races  is  about 
the  only  guide  in  determining  the  purity  of  the  sample 
as  regard  race  standards.  There  are  distinct  lines  between 
the  races  of  corn  by  which  we  know  that  a  characteristic 
sample  is  Boone  County  White  or  Silvermine,  or  Learning 
or  other  races,  but  it  is  only  by  familiarity  in  handling 
a  large  number  of  samples  of  these  types  that  these  lines 
can  be  distinguished. 

The  ears  should  present  a  uniform  appearance.  This 
point  is  one  of  the  most  difficult  to  be  properly  estimated. 
In  the  beginning  actually  rearrange  the  exhibit,  if  neces- 


MANUAL    OP 


I 

13 

PQ 


1 


1 

— 

8 


o 

S3 


fa 
o 


1 


CORN    JUDGING  49 

sary,  and  place  the  uniform  ears  together.  In  this  way 
a  better  idea  can  be  gained  of  the  uniformity  of  the  exhibit 
and  of  the  value  of  this  point.  If,  for  example,  six  ears 
in  the  exhibit  are  fairly  uniform  and  four  are  distinctly 
different  in  general  type,  a  cut  of  four  points  should  be 
made.  In  other  words,  give  the  sample  a  marking  of  six 
points.  This  plan  will  give  a  just  marking,  because, 
although  the  six  ears  may  not  be  absolutely  uniform, 
the  four  ears  are  not  entirely  dissimilar.  The  shape  should 
be  uniformly  the  same  in  the  different  ears  of  the  exhibit. 
The  shape  may  be  very  poor,  but  if  the  ears  are  alike  they 
must  be  counted  of  uniform  shape.  The  size  may  be  too 
large,  but  if  all  the  ears  have  the  same  size  and  type  the 
exhibit  will  be  uniform  and  no  cut  should  be  made  in  the 
score.  It  is  usually  an  easy  matter  to  divide  an  exhibit 
into  the  uniform  and  non-uniform  ears  where  there  are 
distinct  differences,  but  the  cases  of  slight  differences 
must  be  cut  according  to  the  best  estimate  of  the  judge. 

SHAPE   OF    EARS 

In  shape  the  ear  must  be  true  to  variety  shape.  For 
instance,  the  shape  of  the  Boone  County  White  ear  is 
cylindrical,  while  that  of  the  Learning  is  slightly  tapering. 
Each  variety  has  individual  variety  peculiarities  of  shape. 
In  general,  all  ears  should  be  cylindrical,  carrying  the 
same  circumference  from  the  butt  to  the  tip.  This  shape 
will  secure  uniform  sized  kernels  from  butt  to  tip.  Conse- 
quently there  will  be  a  larger  proportion  of  corn  to  cob  in 
such  cylindrical  ears  than  on  very  tapering  ears.  In  most 
tapering  ears  the  taper  is  caused  by  the  dropping  of  one 
or  more  rows  of  kernels  about  one-third  the  distance  from 
the  butt  to  the  tip.  These  dropped  rows  cause  irregular 
kernels,  a  smaller  proportion  of  corn  to  cob,  and  a  poorly 
shaped  ear.  The  rows  of  kernels  must  be  straight  and 


50 


MANUAL  OF 


INDENTATION — 324    SMOOTH,    325    MEDIUM,    326    ROUGH. 
WHITE   RACE 


CORN    JUDGING  51 

parallel  with  the  cob.  If  the  rows  turn  to  right  or  left,  or 
are  irregular  and  crooked,  such  irregularity  must  be  taken 
into  consideration  and  a  cut  made  in  accordance  with  the 
experience  of  the  judge.  In  judging  shape  count  the  num- 
ber of  well  shaped  ears  true  to  variety  type  in  the  exhibit 
and  the  number  of  poorly  shaped  ears.  Cut  according  to 
the  proportion  of  poorly  shaped  ears,  e.  g.,  for  four  poorly 
shaped  ears,  cut  the  exhibit  two  points.  The  scoring  of 
shape  is  a  matter  of  experience,  and  cannot  be  determined 
by  any  set  rules.  The  shape  which  is  most  desirable  in 
one  case  may  be  undesirable  in  others.  It  is  well  to  keep 
in  mind  that  the  ears  should  be  of  such  shape  that  they 
will  mature  under  the  climatic  and  soil  conditions  in 
which  the  race  is  grown,  and  will  admit  of  the  development 
of  the  largest  possible  weight  of  shelled  corn  of  the  most 
valuable  quality.  It  is  possible  that  consideration  of 
fancy  shapes  may  lead  to  the  development  of  unprofitable 
types,  therefore  it  is  important  that  the  judge  realize  the 
relation  between  shape  of  ear  and  the  value  of  the  ear. 
There  seems  to  be  no  good  reason  why  ears  of  corn  with 
rows  of  kernels  around  the  cob  instead  of  parallel  with  it, 
as  is  usually  the  case,  may  not  be  as  desirable  as  the 
straight  rows.  If  there  was  found  any  advantage  in  yield 
or  other  points  in  the  case  of  the  ears  having  round  rows, 
other  things  being  equal,  the  round  rowed  types  would 
be  most  desirable.  However,  we  believe  that  the  straight 
rows  permit  of  the  development  of  the  greatest  weight  of 
shelled  corn,  therefore  we  give  the  ears  having  straight 
rows  the  preference  at  present. 

COLOR  OF  EARS 

For  all  recognized  varieties  white  corn  should  have 
white  cobs,  and  yellow  corn  red  cobs.  If  a  yellow 
sample  contains  a  white  cob,  or  a  white  sample  a  red  one. 


MANUAL    OF 


INDENTATION — 124  MEDIUM,  125  ROUGH,  126  SMOOTH. 
YELLOW    RACE 


CORN    JUDGING  53 

it  is  an  evidence  of  very  careless  selection  and  should 
bar  the  sample.  A  yellow  kernel  in  a  white  ear,  or  a  white 
kernel  in  a  yellow  ear,  is  an  evidence  of  mixed  corn.* 
In  other  words,  in  the  case  of  the  yellow  kernel  in  the 
white  ear  a  stray  pollen  grain  from  a  yellow  variety  has 
fallen  on  a  silk  and  fertilized  a  kernel  of  white  corn. 
Single  mixed  kernels  in  an  ear  show  merely  accidental 
mixture,  and  if  the  ear  is  to  be  used  for  seed  the  mixed 
kernels  should  he  removed  to  prevent  it  from  effecting 
further  mixture  the  next  year.  In  looking  for  mixture 
the  tips  and  butts  of  the  ears  must  be  closely  examined. 
The  young  ear  ripens  silks  on  the  butt  first,  the  middle 
of  the  ear  next,  and  the  tip  last.  If  the  butt  silks  should 
ripen  so  early  that  the  pollen  of  that  variety  is  not  ready 
to  fertilize  them,  they  will  either  not  be  filled  out  or  will 
be  fertilized  by  the  pollen  of  some  earlier  variety  which 
may  be  growing  in  the  vicinity.  As  frequently  happens, 
the  tip  silks  may  not  appear  until  the  pollen  of  the  variety 
is  gone.  In  this  case  the  tip  may  either  not  be  filled  out 
or  may  le  fertilized  by  pollen  of  some  late  variety,  thus 
causing  mixture.  If  the  mixture  is  between  yellow  and 
white  corn,  it  can  be  seen  in  the  yellowish  cast  of  the 
white  kernels  or  the  whitish  cast  in  the  yellow  kernels, 
particularly  in  the  so-called  "White  Cap." 

For  one  or  two  mixed  kernels  in  an  ear  a  cut  of  .25  point 
should  be  made.  For  three  or  four  mixed  kernels  cut  .5 
point;  for  four  or  five  such  kernels  cut  .75  point  and  for 
more  than  five  cut  one  point.  All  missing  kernels  may  be 
assumed  to  he  mixed  kernels ;  and  in  exhibits  in  corn  shows 
a  cut  of  .1  point  should  be  made  for  every  missing  kernel. 

MARKET  CONDITION 

By  market  condition  is  meant  ripeness,  soundness,  free- 
dom from  injury  or  disease,  and  brightness  of  color.  In 


*Bulletin  No.  22,  Vegetable  Physiological  and  Pathological 
Investigations,  U.  S.*Dept.  Agri.  1900.  (Every  corn  student  should 
read  this  bulletin  carefully.) 


MANUAL    OF 


LENGTH     OF     EARS — 304     PROPER     LENGTH,     305     TOO     LONG, 
306    TOO    SHORT 


CORN    JUDGING  55 

other  words,  the  condition  of  the  ear  best  adapted  for 
marketing.  In  corn  exhibited  in  the  "show  ring"  market 
condition  is  usually  found  by  the  looseness  of  kernels  on 
the  cob.  This  condition  indicates  the  degree  of  maturity. 
In  drying  out,  the  kernel  shrinks,  leaving  it  loose  and 
movable  on  the  cob.  In  an  immature  ear  the  season  is  not 
long  enough  to  enable  the  plant  to  store  the  starch,  protein, 
oil,  etc.,  in  the  kernel  to  its  full  capacity.  Consequently 
as  the  excess  of  moisture  dries  out  it  leaves  the  walls  or 
coats  of  the  kernels  without  being  fully  packed.  Such 
kernels  are  frequently  called  "chaffy." 

Testing  Vitality  of  Seed  Corn — There  is  no  means  of 
testing  the  vitality  of  seed  which  properly  comes  under 
market  condition,  except  by  a  germination  test.  In  select- 
ing seed  corn  it  is  very  important  that  a  thorough  test 
of  the  vitality  be  made.  This  can  be  most  easily  and 
satisfactorily  done  by  taking  three  kernels  out  of  every 
ear  to  be  tested,  one  from  near  the  tip,  one  from  the 
middle  and  the  other  from  near  the  butt  of  the  ear.  Fill 
an  ordinary  plate  about  two-thirds  full  of  fine  sand. 
Pour  water  over  the  sand  until  it  runs  off  the  plate.  Tip 
the  plate  at  an  angle  of  about  45  degrees,  and  allow  the 
water  to  drain  off  a  few  minutes.  Now  plant  the  kernels 
of  corn  point  down  in  the  sand  and  barely  cover  with  sand. 
Make  a  careful  count  of  the  kernels  put  in  each  plate 
and  keep  an  accurate  record  of  the  number.  Now  turn  a 
slightly  smaller  plate  over  the  plate  of  sand  to  prevent  too 
rapid  evaporation  of  moisture  and  set  in  a  warm  place. 
Examine  every  day  and  keep  the  sand  moist.  At  the  end 
of  ten  days  all  the  kernels  should  have  germinated.  Count 
the  kernels  that  have  sprouted  and  compute  the  per  cent 
of  germinating  kernels.  In  seed  com  97  per  cent  germina- 
tion in  five  days  constitutes  the  standard  of  vitality. 

In  scoring  maturity  take  each  ear  up  carefully  and  give 
it  a  sharp  twist.  If  it  is  mature  it  will  remain  firm  and 


56  MANUAL    OF 

solid.  If  immature  it  will  twist  loosely  about  in  the  hand. 
Count  the  number  of  immature  ears  and  cut  the  exhibit 
one-half  point  for  every  diseased,  chaffy,  immature  ear. 
For  instance,  if  there  are  six  immature  ears  cut  the 
exhibit  three  points,  or  give  it  a  marking  of  two  on  market 
condition.  In  the  cases  where  the  corn  samples  must  be 
harvested  unusually  early  in  order  to  be  sent  to  the 
exhibit,  as  at  fairs  h°ld  early  in  the  autumn,  the  ears  will 
not  have  dried  out,  and  consequently  will  be  immature. 
In  such  instances  the  judge  must  take  this  condition  into 
account  and  score  on  a  uniform  comparative  basis.  In 
the  study  of  market  condition,  the  per  cent  of  moisture 
in  the  samples,  the  number  of  diseased  and  injured  kernels, 
together  with  the  amount  of  all  bits  of  silks,  husks  or 
other  debris,  is  carefully  and  accurately  determined.  Such 
tests  may  not  be  practical  in  the  actual  process  of  judging 
samples,  but  all  corn  judges  should  become  familiar  with 
these  tests  in  order  to  train  the  mind  to  take  these  con- 
ditions accurately  into  account  in  scoring  on  market  con- 
dition.* 

TIPS  OF  EARS 

The  tips  of  the  ears  should  be  filled  out  with  regular 
uniform  sized  kernels.  No  portion  of  the  cob  should  pro- 
ject beyond  the  kernels.  If  the  cob  does  extend  beyond  the 
kernels  it  shows  that  the  tip  kernels  have  not  been  prop- 
erly developed.  As  the  tip  silks  mature  last  on  the  ear,  it 
is  natural  that  frequently  the  tip  will  mature  so  late  that 
all  of  the  pollen  will  have  gone  by  the  time  the  silks  of 
the  tip  kernels  are  ready  to  be  pollinated.  In  such  cases 
it  will  be  found  that  the  silks  on  the  tip  will  keep  growing 
for  an  abnormal  length  of  time,  providing  an  opportunity 


'Bulletin  No.  41,  Botanical  Investigations,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agri., 
1903.  (This  bulletin  contains  a  full  explanation  of  these  tests 
and  should  be  used  as  a  guide  in  carrying  on  this  work.) 


CORN    JUDGING  57 

for  late  fertilization.  In  many  cases  the  tip  kernels  are 
irregular  in  size.  This  is  due  to  partial  or  irregular  devel- 
opment, part  of  the  kernels  having  been  fertilized  and  part 
unfertilized,  or  part  of  them  having  been  fertilized  much 
later  than  others.  The  fertilized  kernels  swell  out  into 
irregular  shapes  and  sizes  in  an  effort  to  occupy  all  of  the 
space.  If  the  tip  is  not  fully  filled  out  it  is  an  evidence  of 
some  irregularity  in  development,  and  it  should  be  marked 
accordingly.  For  every  exposed  tip  one  inch  long  make  a 
cut  of  one  point.  For  less  exposed  tips  make  smaller  cuts, 
even  down  to  one  or  two-tenths.  In  the  case  of  irregular 
kernels  on  the  tip  the  judge  must  mark  according  to  the 
degree  of  irregularity.  The  rows  of  ^kernels  should  extend 
in  straight  regular  order  over  the  tip. 

It  is  a  matter  of  common  experience  that  more  well 
filled  tips  are  developed  in  favorable  seasons  than  during 
unfavorable  conditions.  It  is  also  true  that  races  having 
characteristically  short  ears  are  likely  to  have  better  filled 
tips  than  races  having  large,  long  ears,  grown  under  simi- 
lar conditions.  It  is  absolutely  necessary  that  we  keep 
in  mind  the  fact  that  we  are  selecting  those  samples  v/hich 
will  tend  to  grow  more  corn  per  acre,  and  if  long  ears 
not  covered  over  the  tips  with  kernels  give  the  largest 
yield,  this  type  is  most  desirable  and  should  be  scored 
accordingly.  The  cob  is  an  axis  bearing  the  kernels,  and 
the  larger  the  cob,  other  things  being  equal,  the  more 
kernels  can  be  developed  on  each  ear.  However,  as  between 
two  ears  of  the  same  size,  grown  under  similar  conditions 
and  for  like  purposes,  one  having  the  tip  fully  covered 
with  uniform,  regular  kernels,  and  the  other  having  the 
tip  uncovered,  the  covered  tip  is  certainly  the  most  de- 
sirable. In  most  cases  where  the  tip  is  uncovered,  the 
kernels  near  the  tip  are  small,  irregular  and  in  every  way 
undesirable.  Therefore  these  uncovered  tips  should  be 
cut  severely,  more  so  than  if  all  the  kernels  were  of  the 


58 


MANUAL    OF 


CIRCUMFERENCE      OF      EARS — 319      PROPER      CIRCUMFERENCE, 
320    TOO    LARGE,    321    TOO    SMALL 


CORN    JUDGING  59 

regular  uniform  size  and  shape.  It  is  necessary  for  corn 
judges  to  study  tips  of  ears  under  different  conditions  in 
order  to  gain  a  safe  point  of  view  from  which  they  can 
properly  score  the  filling  out  of  the  tips. 

BUTTS  OF   EARS 

In  the  case  of  the  butt  the  rows  of  kernels  should  ex- 
tend in  regular  order  over  the  butt  and  around  the  shank 
or  ear  stalk.  When  the  shank  is  removed  in  husking,  a 
regular  depression  should  be  left.  If  the  kernels  are  not 
filled  out  about  the  shank,  the  shank  is  usually  developed 
very  large  and  strong.  This  interferes  very  seriously  in 
husking,  as  it  is  very  difficult  to  break  off  some  of  the  heavy 
shanks.  Not  only  is  this  true,  but  in  such  cases,  the  butt 
of  the  cob  not  being  fully  filled  over,  there  is  a  smaller 
proportion  of  corn  to  cob.  This  filling  out  about  the  shank 
can  be  carried  too  far,  as  many  other  single  points  may  be 
developed  out  of  true  proportion.  In  one  of  the  standard 
varieties  it  is  not  infrequent  that  the  ears  break  off  in  the 
fall  before  husking.  In  other  words  the  shank  is  not  large 
enough  or  strong  enough  to  support  the  weight  of  the  ear. 
Upon  examination  of  such  ears  the  butt  will  be  found  to  be 
so  completely  filled  out  that  the  shank  has  been  dwarfed. 
The  shank  has  been  bred  so  small  that  in  a  heavy  wind  the 
swinging  of  the  ear  back  and  forth  on  the  stalk  breaks  the 
ear  off  from  the  shank  at  the  butt.  A  large  butt  poorly 
filled  out  is  usually  accompanied  by  a  large  cob.  This  cob 
will  usually  be  found  to  be  very  sappy  at  the  time  of  har- 
vest. This  is  a  great  detriment  to  the  ear  of  corn,  not  only 
in  loss  of  grain,  but  from  the  fact  that  such  ears  are  easily 
affected  by  changes  .of  temperature.  The  cold  weather 
freezes  the  water  in  the  cob  and  kernel,  and  thus  expand^ 
and  bursts  the  cell  walls  in  the  germ.  This  may  reduce 
the  vigor  or  destroy  the  life  of  the  embryo  plant. 


60  MANUAL    OP 

In  the  case  of  the  butt  the  silks  occasionally  mature  so 
early  that  there  is  no  pollen  ready  for  the  fertilization  of 
the  butt  kernels,  although  in  most  varieties  the  pollen 
matures  before  the  silks.  Therefore  we  find  a  large  pro- 
portion of  good  butts  more  frequently  than  good  tips. 

In  showing  corn  it  is  very  desirable  to  trim  out  with  a 
knife  all  traces  of  the  ear  stalk.  This  will  add  to  the 
appearance  of  the  exhibit  in  a  perfectly  legitimate  way. 
In  fact,  this  grooming  of  the  ears  should  be  carefully 
attended  to  by  the  exhibitors,  as  a  little  attention  will 
frequently  add  considerable  to  the  scoring  of  the  exhibit. 

The  size  of  the  depression  in  the  butt  of  an  ear  will 
depend  on  the  variety.  In  a  large  variety,  as  Boone  County 
White,  it  will  be  larger  than  in  a  smaller  eared  variety,  as 
Eiley's  Favorite.  This  characteristic  must  be  taken  into 
account  by  the  judge  through  familiarity  with  the  breeds 
of  corn. 

In  scoring  butts  a  very  poorly  filled  butt  in  which  the 
kernels  do  not  cover  the  end  of  the  cob  should  be  cut  .5 
of  a  point.  If  the  kernels  cover  the  cob,  but  are  flat, 
shallow  and  irregular,  cut  .3  of  a  point.  If  the  kernels 
are  regular  in  size,  but  do  not  swell  out  beyond  the  cob, 
cut  .2  of  a  point.  In  the  case  of  kernels  swelling  out 
beyond  the  cob  in  an  irregular  manner  cut  .1  of  a  point. 
If  the  kernels  are  swelled  about  the  shank  in  regular  man- 
ner, leaving  concave  depression,  give  full  marking. 

UNIFORMITY   OP  KERNELS 

The  shape  of  the  kernel  will  depend  somewhat  on  the 
variety.  Whatever  the  shape  of  the  kernel  in  an  exhibit, 
it  should  be  uniform.  The  size  of  the  kernel  should  be 
the  same  in  all  of  the  ears.  To  examine  kernel  uniformity 
take  out  two  kernels  with  a  knife  from  each  ear  about 
one-third  the  distance  from  the  butt  to  the  tip.  Lay 


CORN    JUDGING  61 

them  directly  in  front  of  the  ear  with  tip  of  kernel  point- 
ing toward  the  ear.  In  this  position  the  comparative 
shape,  size,  etc.,  can  easily  be  noted  by  the  judge.  The 
judge  should  note  the  ears  to  see  if  the  kernels  are 
uniform  in  all  parts  of  the  ear.  For  instance,  if  the  ears 
are  rough,  note  that  all  the  kernels  are  rough,  or  vice  versa. 
A  rough  kernel  usually  indicates  a  deep  kernel.  In  dent 
corn  the  tip  of  the  kernel  is  first  packed  with  food  for 
the  use  of  the  young  plant  and  matures  first.  As  the 
season  advances  the  rest  of  the  kernels  fill  and  mature. 
The  seed  coats  of  the  kernel  are  developed  far  in  advance 
of  the  development  of  the  food  in  the  kernel.  As  the 
grain  approaches  maturity  the  kernel  dries,  hardens  and 
contracts,  and  the  seed  coat  at  the  top  of  the  kernel  is 
drawn  down  into  stored  up  food.  This  is  the  cause  of  the 
indentation.  The  deeper  the  dent,  the  greater  have  been 
the  possibilities  of  development  of  the  depth  or  length  of 
the  kernel. 

Count  the  number  of  ears  having  generally  uniform 
kernels  and  mark  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  uniform 
kernels.  For  instance,  if  there  are  five  sets  of  uniform 
kernels,  and  the  ears  from  which  the  samples  were  taken 
have  uniform  kernels,  mark  the  sample  2.5  points  for  uni- 
formity of  kernels.  Of  course  the  five  ears  that  have 
been  counted  as  uniform  will  not  be  absolutely  uniform, 
neither  will  the  other  five  ears  be  non-uniform,  and  the 
proportion  will  about  average  up  the  true  value  of  the 
sample  on  this  point. 

SHAPE  OF  KERNELS 

The  shape  of  the  kernel  will  vary  with  the  variety. 
However,  in  general,  the  kernels  should  be  wedge-shaped. 
This  wedge  shape  permits  the  greatest  possible  amount 
of  grain  to  the  cob.  The  tips  of  the  kernels  are  set  on  the. 


62 


MANUAL    OF 


SPACE  BETWEEN  ROWS— 307  NARROW,  3Q8  MEDIUM,  309  WIDB 


CORN    JUDGING  63 

cob  in  regular  manner.  In  order  for  the  rows  of  kernels  to 
fit  snugly  together  from  the  point  to  the  crown  it  is  neces- 
sary to  have  a  wedge  shape.  It  is  also  necessary  that  the 
edges  of  the  kernels  he  straight.  Otherwise  the  middle  of 
the  kernels  would  touch  and  there  would  he  furrows  or 
spaces  between  the  tops  of  the  rows.  This  is  so  true  in 
practice  that  we  find  ordinarily  in  the  wedge-shaped  ker- 
nels that  there  are  from  18  to  24  rows  of  kernels  on  the  cob. 
But  in  the  case  cf  broad,  rectangular  kernels  or  kernels 
with  rounded  edges  we  find  from  12  to  18  rows  of  kernels. 
In  other  words,  with  the  wedge-shaped  kernels  the  greatest 
proportion  of  corn  to  cob  is  found. 

It  has  been  found  that  there  is  a  correlation  between  the 
shape  of  a  kernel  and  the  composition.  For  instance,  a 
kernel  having  a  thin  tip  is  usually  low  in  per  cent  of  oil 
and  protein  and  high  in  per  cent  of  starch.  It  is  usually 
true  that  such  pointed  kernels  are  low  in  vitality  or  lack 
constitution,  if  such  a  term  is  admissible  as  applied  to  the 
vigor  of  growth  in  corn.  The  most  desirable  shape,  then, 
as  a  rule,  is  plump  tips  having  about  the  same  thickness 
as  the  upper  portions  of  the  kernel.  The  thin  pointed 
kernels  usually  result  in  space  between  the  tips  of  the 
kernels  as  they  set  on  the  cob,  an  undesirable  condition. 
Naturally  the  width  of  the  kernel  decreases  from  the  crown 
to  the  tip  in  order  to  allow  the  kernels  to  fit  snugly  to- 
gether on  the  cob.  It  is  desirable  to  have  this  slope  devel- 
oped to  the  point  where  the  sides  of  the  kernels  evenly 
touch  the  sides  of  the  kernels  in  the  adjoining  rows.  If 
the  slope  is  very  sharp  it  ends  in  a  pointed  kernel,  space 
occurring  between  the  sides  of  the  kernels  near  the  cob. 
This  condition  results  in  a  loss  of  a  valuable  portion  of  the 
kernel,  usually  in  comparatively  small  germs,  therefore 
reduces  the  value  of  the  ear  of  corn.  Such  kernels  are 
usually  referred  to  as  round-pointed  kernels,  and  by  break- 
ing an  ear  of  corn  possessing  this  type  of  kernels  into  two 
or  more  pieces,  and  looking  at  the  end  sections,  these 


64  MANUAL    OF 

spaces  can  easily  be  seen.  From  the  fact  that  the  kernel 
is  the  unit  of  the  grain  on  the  cob,  it  is  at  once  evident 
that  it  is  extremely  important  to  secure  the  kernel  of 
the  proper  shape,  proportionate  to  its  size,  and  develop 
uniform  kernels  of  this  type  on  the  entire  ear.  The 
desirable  type  of  kernel  for  every  type,  as  in  the  case  of 
the  breed  characteristics,  is  a  matter  of  experience  which 
must  be  gained  through  familiarity  with  all  types. 

In  judging  shape  of  kernel,  count  the  number  of  wedge- 
shaped  kernels  in  the  ten  pairs  that  have  been  taken  out 
for  study  of  uniformity.  Mark  according  to  the  proportion 
of  well  shaped  kernels.  For  instance,  if  there  are  eight 
pairs  of  properly  shaped  kernels,  mark  the  exhibit  four 
points  on  shape  of  kernels. 

LENGTH   OF   EARS 

The  deficiency  and  excess  in  length  of  aH  ears  not  con- 
forming to  the  standard  for  the  variety  should  be  added 
together,  and  for  every  inch  thus  obtained  a  cut  of  .5  point 
should  be  made.  In  determining  length  measure  from  the 
extreme  tip  to  the  extreme  butt.  In  measuring  length  it 
is  most  convenient  to  hold  a  foot  ruler  in  both  hands,  one 
end  even  with  the  butt  and  the  other  end  over  the  tip.  As 
the  ruler  is  drawn  from  ear  to  ear  in  the  sample,  it  is  an 
easy  matter  to  keep  in  mind  the  amount  each  ear  is  shorter 
or  longer  than  standard.  Add  the  excess  and  deficiency 
together. 

CIRCUMFERENCE  OF  EARS 

The  excess  and  deficiency  of  all  ears  not  conforming  to 
variety  standard  should  be  added  together,  and  for  every 
inch  thus  obtained  a  cut  of  .25  point  should  be  made.  In 
measuring  circumference  use  a  tape  line.  Measure  the 
circumference  at  about  one-third  the  distance  from  the 
butt  to  the  tip  of  the  ear.  In  order  to  do  this  conveniently 


CORN    JUDGING  65 

and  with  the  least  possible  loss  of  time  pick  up  the  ear  in 
the  left  hand.  Hold  the  end  of  the  tape  line  on  the  ear 
with  the  index  finger  of  the  left  hand  at  the  necessary 
point.  Now  quickly  wrap  the  tape  about  the  ear  and  note 
the  measurement,  adding  together  the  excess,  or  the  lack 
of  proper  circumference  for  each  ear,  and  cut  according 
to  rule. 

Another  method  of  measuring  the  circumference  is  to 
measure  the  circumference  of  the  ear  about  two  inches 
from  the  butt,  and  then  about  two  inches  from  the  tip. 
Add  the  two  measurements  together  and  divide  by  two, 
the  resulting  figure  being  the  average  circumference  of  the 
ear.  The  disadvantage  of  this  system  lies  in  the  time 
necessary  to  make  the  extra  measurements  and  the  compu- 
tations. Its  advantage  is  that  it  takes  into  consideration 
the  tapering  of  the  ear  in  considering  the  circumference. 
In  view  of  the  fact  that  a  trained  judge  naturally  scores 
on  this  point  under  shape  of  ear,  the  desirability  of  thia 
method  is  questionable. 

SPACE  BETWEEN  Hows 

The  first  kind  of  space  between  rows  is  the  furrow  be- 
tween the  top  of  the  rows  of  kernels.  It  is  usually  greatest 
in  broad,  shallow  kernel  or  a  smooth  kernel  type  of  corn. 
To  determine  the  cut  for  space  the  following  rules  can 
be  applied  if  tempered  with  the  judgment  of  the  scorer: 
For  less  than  1-32  inch,  no  cut ;  for  a  furrow  1-32-1-16  inch 
in  width,  one-half  point  cut ;  for  more  than  1-16  inch,  cut 
one  point  for  each  ear.  This  space  between  rows  may  be 
a  relic  of  the  early  type  of  Indian  corn.  It  indicates  a 
reversion  to  the  unimproved  varieties  and  is  very  unde- 
sirable. It  is  usually  accompanied  with  a  comparatively 
small  number  of  rows  of  kernels  on  the  cob,  and  conse- 
quently a  small  proportion  of  corn  to  cob. 


66 


MANUAL    OF 


SIZE  OF  COB — 416  LARGE,  417  MEDIUM,  418   SMALL 


CORN    JUDGING  67 

The  second  kind  of  space  between  rows  is  the  space 
between  kernels  at  the  tip  about  the  point  where  the 
kernels  are  attached  to  the  cob.  In  order  to  examine  the 
ear  for  this  point  it  is  probably  necessary  to  shell  off  a 
space  four  or  more  rows  in  width  and  four  or  more  inches 
long  on  one  or  more  ears  in  the  samples.  This  examination 
may  be  made  at  the  time  and  on  the  ears  tested  for  per 
cent  of  corn  to  cob.  Examine  the  sides  of  the  rows  first, 
and  if  there  is  space  the  openings  between  the  tip  sides 
of  the  kernels  can  easily  be  detected.  Turn  the  ear  so 
that  the  end,  either  tip  or  butt,  points  toward  you,  and 
examine  the  ends  of  the  rows  down  near  the  cob.  When 
there  is  space,  the  openings  between  the  tips  of  the  kernels 
can  easily  be  seen.  This  kind  of  space  is  extremely  im- 
portant from  the  fact  that  it  is  a  result  of  poorly  shaped 
kernels,  usually  low  in  vitality  and  lacking  the  important 
elements  of  composition. 

PER  CENT  OF  CORN 

The  proportion  of  corn  to  cob  is  determined  by  using 
every  other  ear  in  the  sample.  Weigh  the  five  ears. 
Shell  off  the  grain.  Weigh  the  cobs.  Subtract  the 
weight  of  cobs  from  the  weight  of  ears,  and  the  weight  of 
the  grain  will  be  obtained.  Divide  the  weight  of  the 
grain  by  the  total  weight  of  the  five  ears,  and  the  per  cent 
of  corn  will  be  obtained.  For  every  per  cent  short  of 
standard  cut  .5  point. 

The  proportion  of  co./i  to  cob  depends  in  part  on 
the  maturity  of  the  ears.  If  the  ears  are  thoroughly 
dried  out  the  percentage  will  be  greater  than  in  the  moist 
ears. 

Storing  Seed  Corn — Many  corn  breeders  dry  the  seed 
ears  by  artificial  heat.  The  ears  are  put  up  in  a  tight 
room  arranged  for  ventilation  as  follows :  Set  2x8  up- 
rights along  the  floor  the  long  way  of  the  room,  begin- 
ning with  the  first  row  about  18  inches  from  the 


MANUAL    OF 


SIZE  OF  COB — LARGE  COB  AND  SMALL  KERNELS  CONTRASTED  WITH 
SMALLER  COB  AND  LARGER  KERNELS.  EARS  ABOUT  THE 
SAME  CIRCUMFERENCE  (FROM  YEARBOOK  U.  S.  DEPT.  AGRI. 

1902) 


CORN    JUDGING  69 

wall  of  the  seed  house.  These  uprights  should  be  about 
ten  feet  apart.  Now  lay  the  first  layer  of  corn  between 
these  uprights  the  length  of  the  seed  room,  with  the  butts 
all  lying  together.  Place  a  second  layer  on  top  of  the 
first,  with  butts  resting  on  the  tips  of  the  first.  This  ar- 
rangement will  tend  to  keep  an  even  layer.  Repeat  for 
six  layers.  Then  nail  Ixl-inch  strips  on  the  sides  of  the 
2x8?s,  resting  on  one  side  on  the  tips  and  on  the  other 
side  on  the  butts  of  the  ears.  Lay  a  second  section  of  six 
rows  of  ears  on  top  these  pieces,  and  repeat  until  the 
ceiling  is  reached.  Set  the  next  series  of  sections  about 
two  feet  from  the  first,  so  that  a  man  can  walk  between 
them.  The  third  series  of  sections  can  be  set  within  six 
inches  of  the  second,  so  that  every  sst  of  sections  can  be 
inspected  on  one  side.  When  the  corn  is  taken  down  it 
will  be  necessary  to  begin  at  the  top  and  work  downward. 
A  heating  stove  can  be  set  in  the  middle  of  the  room. 
It  should  be  surrounded  by  sheet  iron,  so  that  the  corn 
around  the  stove  will  not  be  injured  by  heat  so  near  by. 
In  this  way  the  ears  will  be  dried  out  thoroughly  in  the 
fall,  and  the  temperature  can  be  controlled  during  the 
sudden  changes  in  the  winter. 

The  value  of  these  and  other  plans  for  thoroughly 
drying  out  the  seed  ears  is  illustrated  by  an  experiment 
reported  in  the  yearbook  of  the  United  States  Department 
of  Agriculture  for  1902.* 


*Improvement  of  Corn  by  Seed     Selection,     Yearbook   U.    S. 
Dept.  Agri.  1902,  pp.  550-551. 


HANUAL    OF 


ARRANGEMENT  OF  ROWS — STRAIGHT,  TURN  TO  LEFT,,  AND  TURN 
TO    RIGHT.      YELLOW    RACE 


CORN    JUDGING 


71 


ARRANGEMENT  OF  SCORE  RECORD 

The  following  pages  give  the  most  convenient  ar- 
rangement for  judging  individual  samples  of  corn  and 
general  exhibits.  The  first  arrangement  provides  for  first 
judging  a  sample,  then  by  covering  this  score  or  not 
referring  to  it,  rescoring  it.  Now  by  comparing  these 
scores  a  close  study  may  be  made  and  a  corrected  and 
final  score  put  down. 

FOKM   FOR  INDIVIDUAL  SAMPLE 

IOWA   SCORE  CARD 
Date 


Number  of  Exhibit 

Name  of  Variety 

STANDARD 
Length 

OF  VARIETY 

Circumference 

Proportion  Grain  to  Cob 

POINTS 

PERFECT 
SCORE 

FIRST 
SCORE 

SECOND 
SCORE 

CORRECTED 
SCORE 

1.  Uniformity  of  exhibit 
or  trueness  to  type,  or 
breed  characteristics.. 

10 

2  Shape  of  ears         ..... 

10 

•5   rv  i  ^  «  f  n*  -a  J  Grain  .  . 

5 

5 
10 

5.  Tips  of  ears  

5 

6.  Butts  of  ears  

5 

7    Kernels  {S?iformity" 

10 

(Shape  
8.  Length  of  ears  

5 
10 

9.  Circumference  of  ears 

g 

!  Space  between  rows.. 

5 

'*  between   furrows 
and  kernels  at  cob 

g 

11.  Proportion  of  corn  to 

in 

Total      

100 

Reasons  for  changes 


72 


MANUAL     OF     CORN     JUDGING 


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By  C.  L.  ALLEN.  A  practical  treatise  on  the  various 
types  and  varieties  of  cabbage,  cauliflower,  broccoli,  Brussels 
sprouts,  kale,  collards  and  kohl-rabi.  An  explanation  is  given 
of  the  requirements,  conditions,  cultivation  and  general 
management  pertaining  to  the  entire  cabbage  group.  After  this 
each  class  is  treated  separately  and  in  detail.  The  chapter 
on  seed  raising  is  probably  the  most  authoritative  treatise  on 
this  subject  ever  published.  Insects  and  fungi  attacking  this 
class  of  vegetables  are  given  due  attention.  Illustrated.  126 
pages.  5x7  inches.  Cloth $0.50 


Asparagus 

By  F.  M.  HEXAMER.  This  is  the  first  book  published  in 
America  which  is  exclusively  devoted  to  the  raising  of  aspara- 
gus for  home  use  as  well  as  for  market.  It  is  a  practical 
and  reliable  treatise  on  the  saving  of  the  seed,  raising  of  the 
plants,  selection  and  preparation  of  the  soil,  planting,  cultiva- 
tion, manuring,  cutting,  bunching,  packing,  marketing,  canning 
and  drying  insect  enemies,  fungous  diseases  and  every  require- 
ment to  successful  asparagus  culture,  special  emphasis  being 
given  to  the  importance  of  asparagus  as  a  farm  and  money 
crop.  Illustrated.  174  pages.  5x7  inches.  Cloth.  $0.50* 


The  New  Onion  Culture 

By  T.  GREINER.  Rewritten,  greatly  enlarged  and  brought 
up  to  date.  A  new  method  of  growing  onions  of  largest  size 
and  yield,  on  less  land,  than  can  be  raised  by  the  old  plan. 
Thousands  of  farmers  and  gardeners  and  many  experiment 
stations  have  given  it  practical  trials  which  have  proved  a 
success.  A  complete  guide  in  growing  onions  with  the  great- 
est profit,  explaining  the  whys  and  wherefores.  Illustrated. 
5x7  inches.  140  pages.  Cloth $o.5r 


The  New  Rhubarb  Culture 

A  complete  guide  to  dark  forcing  and  field  culture.  Part 
1 — By  J.  E.  MORSE,  the  well-known  Michigan  trucker  and 
originator  of  the  now  famous  and  extremely  profitable  new 
methods  of  dark  forcing  and  field  culture.  Part  II — Compiled 
by  G.  B.  FISKE.  Other  methods  practiced  by  the  most  experi- 
enced market  gardeners,  greenhouse  men  and  experimenters  in 
all  parts  of  America.  Illustrated.  130  pages.  5x7  inches. 
Cloth $0.50 


Alfalfa 

By  F.  D.  COBURN.  Its  growth,  uses  and  feeding  value. 
The  fact  that  alfalfa  thrives  in  almost  any  soil;  that  without 
reseeding  it  goes  on  yielding  two,  three,  four  and  sometimes 
five  cuttings  annually  for  five,  ten  or  perhaps  100  years ;  and 
that  either  green  or  cured  it  is  one  of  the  most  nutritious 
forage  plants  known,  makes  reliable  information  upon  its  pro- 
duction and  uses  of  unusual  interest.  Such  information  is 
given  in  this  volume  for  every  part  of  America,  by  the  highest 
authority.  Illustrated.  164  pages.  5x7  inches.  Cloth.  $0.50 

Ginseng,  Its   Cultivation,    Harvesting,    Market 
ing  and   Market   Value 

By  MAURICE  G.  KAINS.  with  a  short  account  of  its  historv 
and  botany.  It  discusses  in  a  practical  way  how  to  begin  with 
either  seed  or  roots,  soil,  climate  and  location,  preparation, 
planting  and  maintenance  of  the  beds,  artificial  propagation, 
manures,  enemies,  selection  for  market  and  for  improvement, 
preparation  for  sale,  and  the  profits  that  may  be  expected. 
This  booklet  is  concisely  written,  well  and  profusely  illus- 
trated, and  should  be  in  the  hands  of  all  who  expect  to  grow 
this  drug  to  supply  the  export  trade,  and  to  add  a  new  and 
profitable  industry  to  their  farms  and  gardens  without  inter- 
fering with  the  regular  work.  New  edition.  Revised  and  en- 
larged. Illustrated.  5x7  inches.  Cloth.  .  .  .  $0.50 

Landscape  Gardening 

By  F.  A.  WAUGH,  professor  of  horticulture,  University  of 
/ermont.  A  treatise  on  the  general  principles  governing 
outdoor  art;  with  sundry  suggestions  for  their  application 
in  the  ccmmoner  problems  of  gardening.  Every  paragraph  is 
short,  terse  and  to  the  point,  giving  perfect  clearness  to  the 
discussions  at  all  points.  In  spite  of  the  natural  difficulty 
of  presenting  abstract  principles  the  whole  matter  is  made 
entirely  plain  even  to  the  inexperienced  reader.  Illustrated. 
152  pages.  5x7  inches.  Cloth $0.50 

Hedges,  Windbreaks,  Shelters  and  Live  Fences 

By  E.  P.  POWELL.  A  treatise  on  the  planting,  growth 
and  management  of  hedge  plants  for  country  and  suburban 
homes.  It  gives  accurate  directions  concerning  hedges ;  how 
to  plant  and  how  to  treat  them ;  and  especially  concerning 
windbreaks  and  shelters.  It  includes  the  whole  art  of  making 
a  delightful  home,  giving  directions  for  nooks  and  balconies, 
for  bird  culture  and  for  human  comfort.  Illustrated.  140 
pages.  5x7  inches.  Cloth $0.50 


Farm  Grasses  of  the  United  States  of  America 

By  WILLIAM  JASPER  SPILLMAN.  A  practical  treatise  on 
the  grass  crop,  seeding  and  management  of  meadows  and 
pastures,  description  of  the  best  varieties,  the  seed  and  its 
impurities,  grasses  for  special  conditions,  lawns  and  iawn 
grasses,  etc.,  etc.  In  preparing  this  volume  the  author's  ob- 
ject has  been  to  present,  in  connected  form,  the  main  facts 
concerning  the  grasses  grown  on  American  farms.  Every 
phase  of  the  subject  is  viewed  from  the  farmer's  standpoint. 
Illustrated.  248  pages.  5x7  inches.  Cloth.  .  .  $i.oc 


The  Book  of  Corn 

By  HERBERT  MYRICK,  assisted  by  A  D  SHAMEL,  E.  A. 
BURNETT,  ALBERT  W.  FULTON,  B.  W.  SNOW  anc1  ether  most 
capable  specialists.  A  complete  treatise  op  tfce  culture, 
marketing  and  uses  of  maize  in  America  ana  elsewhere,  for 
farmers,  dealers  and  others.  Illustrated.  372  pages.  5x7 
inches.  Cloth $1.50 


The   Hop  — It's  Culture  and   Care,   Maiketins 
and  Manufacture 

By  HERBERT  MYRICK.  A  practical  handbook  on  the  most 
approved  methods  in  growing,  harvesting,  curing  and  selling 
hops,  and  on  the  use  and  manufacture  of  hops.  The  result  of 
years  of  research  and  observation,  it  is  a  volume  destined  to 
be  an  authority  on  this  crop  for  many  years  to  come.  It 
takes  up  every  detail  from  preparing  the  soil  and  laying  out 
the  yard  to  curing  and  selling  the  crop.  Every  line  represents 
the  ripest  judgment  and  experience  of  experts.  Size,  5x8; 
pages,  300;  illustrations,  nearly  150;  bound  in  cloth  and  gold; 
price,  postpaid,  .  $1.50 


Tobacco  Leaf 

By  J.  B.  K'LLEBREW  and  HERBERT  MYRTCK.  Its  Culture 
and  Cure,  Marketing  and  Manufacture.  A  practical  hand- 
book on  the  most  approved  methods  in  growing,  harvesting, 
curing,  packing  and  selling  tobacco,  with  an  account  of  the 
operations  in  every  department  of  tobacco  manufacture.  The 
contents  of  this  book  are  based  on  actual  experiments  in 
field,  curing  barn,  packing  house,  factory  and  laboratory.  It 
is  the  only  work  of  the  kind  in  existence,  anc1  i?  destined  to  be 
the  standard  practical  and  scientific  authority  on  the  whole 
subject  of  tobacco  for  many  years.  506  pages  and  150  original 
engravings.  5x7  inches.  Cloth 


Bulbs  and  Tuberous-Rooted  Plants 

By  C.  L.  ALLEN.  A  complete  treatise  on  the  history, 
description,  methods  of  propagation  and  full  directions  for 
the  successful  culture  of  bulbs  in  the  garden,  dwelling  and 
greenhouse.  The  author  of  this  book  has  for  many  years 
made  bulb  growing  a  specialty,  and  is  a  recognized  authority 
on  their  cultivation  and  management.  The  cultural  direc- 
tions are  plainly  stated,  practical  and  to  the  point  The 
illustrations  which  embellish  this  work  have  been  drawn 
from  nature  and  have  been  engraved  especially  for  this 
book.  312  pages.  5x7  inches.  Cloth.  ,  .  .  $1.50 

Fumigation  Methods 

By  WILLIS  G.  JOHNSON.  A  timely  up-to-date  book  on 
the  practical  application  of  the  new  methods  for  destroying 
insects  with  hydrocyanic  acid  gas  and  carbon  bismphid,  the 
most  powerful  insecticides  ever  discovered.  It  is  an  indis- 
pensable book  for  farmers,  fruit  growers,  nurserymen,  garden- 
ers, florists,  millers,  grain  dealers,  transportation  companies, 
college  and  experiment  station  workers,  etc.  Illustrated.  313 
pages.  5x7  inches.  Cloth ,  $1.00 

Diseases  of  Swine 

By  Dr.  R.  A.  CRAIG,  Professor  of  Veterinary  Medicine  at 
the  Purdue  University.  A  concise,  practical  and  popular  guide 
to  the  prevention  and  treatment  of  the  diseases  of  swine.  With 
the  discussions  on  each  disease  are  given  its  causes,  symptoms, 
treatment  and  means  of  prevention.  Every  part  of  the  book 
impresses  the  reader  with  the  fact  that  its  writer  is  thoroughly 
and  practically  familiar  with  all  the  details  upon  which  he 
treats.  All  technical  and  strictly  scientific  terms  are  avoided, 
so  far  as  feasible,  thus  making  the  work  at  once  available  to 
the  practical  stock  raiser  as  well  as  to  the  teacher  and  student. 
Illustrated.  5x7  inches.  190  pages.  Cloth $0.75 

Spraying  Crops — Why,  When  and  How 

By  CLARENCE  M.  WEED,  D.  Sc.  The  present  fourth  edition 
has  been  rewritten  and  reset  throughout  to  bring  it  thoroughly 
up  to  date,  so  that  it  embodies  the  latest  practical  information 
gleaned  by  fruit  growers  and  experiment  station  workers.  So 
much  new  information  has  come  to  light  since  the  third  edition 
was  published  that  this  is  practically  a  new  book,  needed  by 
those  who  have  utilized  the  earlier  editions,  as  well  as  by  fruit 
growers  and  farmers  generally.  Illustrated.  136  pages.  5x7 
.inches.  Cloth.  » $0.50 


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